**Tec Empresarial** is an academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and research findings. The journal focuses on topics related to business, management, and entrepreneurship. It aims to provide a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals to share their knowledge and insights on various aspects of business administration and corporate strategies. The journal may include a wide range of topics such as: - Business innovation and technology - Marketing strategies and consumer behavior - Organizational behavior and leadership - Finance and investment management - Economic policies and their impact on businesses - Human resources management and development - Strategic management and corporate governance **ISSN**: 1659-2395 **E-ISSN**: 1659-3359 Tec Empresarial is dedicated to promoting academic excellence and advancing knowledge in the field of business studies. It serves as a valuable resource for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers interested in the latest research and trends in the business world. The journal may also provide a space for discussions on contemporary issues and challenges faced by businesses globally.
DECISION FATIGUE AMONG EMERGENCY NURSES AND ITS IMPACT ON TRIAGE ACCURACY AND CLINICAL PRIORITIZATION
Decision fatigue is a phenomenon that affects individuals who must make numerous decisions over long periods of time. In emergency care, the volume, frequency, and rapid pace of decision making, coupled with environmental stressors, can collectively lead to a decrease in decision quality over time. This literature review assesses the impact of decision fatigue on triage accuracy and clinical prioritization in emergency departments. Emergency nurses are among the first healthcare professionals to interact with patients and collect preliminary assessment data. Triage nurses are expected to assign triage categories and indicate clinical priority as part of the initial assessment. Mitigating decision fatigue during this crucial period could improve triage performance, assuring appropriate care, timely interventions, and optimal patient flow. Emergency nursing involves a demanding, fast-paced environment that generates high workload and significant mental effort. The cumulative mental effort required to continuously monitor multiple patients, identify and prioritize patient needs, and make relevant decisions influences triage performance by creating operating pressure on emergency nurses. Accordingly, triage workflow in the emergency patient journey is studied by empirically observing the scenario, identifying predominant workflow, and pinpointing triage assessment types. A conceptual framework of decision fatigue is therefore established to identify tractable components that nurses contend within their routine environment.
decision fatigue, triage accuracy, prioritization, emergency nursing, cognitive mechanisms, environmental triggers, patient safety, resource utilization
Atheer Ibrahim Alasiri and Atheer Yahya Basali
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AS A CATALYST FOR BIG DATA ANALYTICS LEARNING INTENTION IN MALAYSIAN SMES: EXTENDING UTAUT WITH A MODERATION LENS
Big Data Analytics (BDA) capability has become increasingly critical for Malaysian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), yet many firms continue to face a persistent skills bottleneck where employees are hesitant or insufficiently motivated to learn analytics-related competencies. Drawing on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study examines the determinants of BDA learning intention and investigates transformational leadership as a moderating mechanism that shapes how technology-related beliefs translate into employees’ learning motivation. Data were collected from 351 SME employees across major Malaysian regions and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) following the two-step approach. The findings indicate that UTAUT constructs significantly explain BDA learning intention, while transformational leadership strengthens key expectancy-based relationships. The results extend UTAUT by embedding leadership as a socially grounded mechanism in analytics learning contexts and offer practical insights for SME leaders seeking to accelerate data-driven capability development through leadership-enabled learning environments
Big Data Analytics; Learning Intention; UTAUT; Transformational Leadership; Malaysian SMEs; PLS-SEM.
Lau King Guan, Rozaini Binti Rosli, Muhamad Imam Syairozi
INTERPROFESSIONAL COLLABORATION BETWEEN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS IN PREVENTING MEDICATION ERRORS
Medication errors negatively affect patient safety, lengthen hospital stays, and increase hospital costs. The World Health Organization conservatively estimated the economic burden from medication errors worldwide at US$42 billion per year. In hospitals, between 2% and 94% of prescriptions contain errors, with the wrong drug, wrong dosage, wrong administration route, and omission of a dose among the most common errors. Multi-professional collaboration across the entire medication management spectrum, particularly between nurses and pharmacists, plays a central role in building safety nets to prevent, intercept, and mitigate medication errors. Well-structured and appropriately timed communication is essential for effectiveness. Several communication strategies support collaboration in medication safety across different organizational settings. Interprofessional collaboration promotes collective teamwork among healthcare professionals from different fields with a shared goal of optimizing patient outcomes. Education, training, and role clarification represent fundamental prerequisites for effective interprofessional collaboration and a solid foundation for safer medication management. The need is particularly critical for nursing and pharmacy, two of the largest and most mobile healthcare professions sharing complementary responsibilities. Human resources represent a key strategy for improving frontline collaboration in medication safety, alongside print tools, information technology, and physical arrangements. Before launching collaborative strategies, institutions should gauge the prevailing interprofessional culture through validated instruments and assess the need for specific enhancements or initiatives tailored to the local context (Irajpour et al., 2019) ; (Jaam et al., 2021).
Interprofessional collaboration, nurses, pharmacists, medication errors, prevention, patient safety, teamwork, communication, healthcare, clinical practice.
Emtenan Abdulfattah Mohammed Bajammal, Zohour Mohammed Ibrahim, Fatimah Ahmed Ali Alshaikhi and Taher Hashim Taher Almaki
THE ROLE OF FRONTLINE HEALTHCARE TEAMS IN PREVENTING MEDICATION AND RESPIRATORY CARE ERRORS IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS
It is well established that interdisciplinary teams are essential to improving the safety of medication and respiratory interventions at the frontline of care within hospital systems (Alhur et al., 2024). The role of the interprofessional medical team in minimizing medication errors has been a topic of discussion and research; however, contemporary scholarship holds that further attention is warranted concerning the involvement of healthcare professionals in multidisciplinary teams—beyond the physician-nurse continuum—in preventing errors in these two critical functional domains. Healthcare systems have increased focus on medication and respiratory care safety issues because of their significant role in preventable adverse events. Medication errors constitute the most prevalent form of in-hospital mishap. Errors associated with inhalation therapy, nebulization or oxygen therapy, and ventilatory support of respiratory therapy also rank among the highest for patient safety risk and concern (Bethishou et al., 2017). On the patient side, medication and respiratory-care errors can inflict serious harm. Such events have been linked to extended lengths of stay, room transfers, and additional medical treatment that impairs overall quality of care. Cost burden is another major, yet frequently underestimated, consequence of these errors associated with the common protocols of ordered medication and respiratory interventions.
Frontline healthcare teams; patient safety; medication errors; respiratory care errors; interdisciplinary collaboration; hospital settings; nursing practice; pharmacy services; respiratory therapy; quality improvement
Ghadi Abdulaziz Alsuqayh, Shaza Eid alharbi, Maha Mohammed Alghannam, Maha Atef Alshehri, Abeer Mansour Almohaize, Noura Fahad ALarjani and Nada Fahad ALarjani
OPTIMIZING PATIENT RECOVERY THROUGH INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION BETWEEN NURSING AND PROSTHETICS AND ORTHOTICS TEAMS IN TERTIARY HEALTHCARE SETTINGS
Efforts to optimize patient recovery have stimulated interest in interdisciplinary collaboration between nursing and prosthetics and orthotics (P&O) teams within tertiary healthcare. Early mobility is vital for recovery from lower limb surgical procedures and the faster re-establishment of functional independence positively influences rehabilitation outcomes. However, despite active collaboration within sequential care pathways, current collaborative practices remain limited and fail to fully address the interdisciplinary scope between nursing and P&O teams. Interventions targeting early patient mobilization and enabling access to long-term assistive devices are central to improving patient recovery. Both team’s processes span from hospital admission through to discharge, integrating care, assessment, and planning activities within shared pathways. The study aimed to identify potential options for interdisciplinary collaboration in tertiary healthcare settings, documenting current approaches from other hospitals and distilling specific opportunities for improvement. Recovery-related evidence concerning quantitatively measured outcomes (such as mobility level, recovery times, functional independence, and equipment use) and qualitative survey responses (including patient satisfaction and quality of life) associated with collaborative practices was reviewed. Preliminary findings indicated improvements in recovery, postoperative therapy uptake, equipment use, and patient experience. The different facets of these collaborative partnerships can be structured through an overarching framework delineating the roles and responsibilities of the involved parties, an illustration of interconnected communication processes, documentation strategies, coordinated care pathways, quantitative metrics to monitor restoration goals and the conditions required to establish and maintain this cooperative configuration. (van der Sluis et al., 2015) (R Espelita, 2022) (HEALY et al., 1970)
Interdisciplinary collaboration, patient recovery, nursing, prosthetics and orthotics, rehabilitation, tertiary healthcare, teamwork, integrated care, mobility, clinical outcomes.
Swailem Muteb S Albloushi, Saeed Ali Alghamdi, Salman Fahad Alsadun, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alatawi, Omar Fahad Alkahas, Abdulrahman Saleh Alghamdi, Saed Eidan Alghamdi, Musaad Ibrahim Alhijji, Luay Khalid Alansari and Abdulkarim Huzayran Alanazi
THE IMPACT OF INTERPROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ON REDUCING DIAGNOSTIC AND MEDICATION ERRORS IN NEONATAL AND ADULT CRITICAL CARE UNITS
Interprofessional practice aims to improve diagnostic and medication safety in neonatal and adult critical care units. Diagnostic safety prioritises the avoidance of misdiagnosis, while medication safety focuses on the prevention of medication errors during prescribing, dispensing, and administration. Interprofessional practice—defined as a collaborative approach among different professional disciplines—commonly deploys structured team-based models. These models establish clear team roles, multidisciplinary communication protocols, and routine team-based activities, fostering improved collaboration and patient safety across a diverse range of clinical settings (A. Alghamdi et al., 2021). Critical care professionals operate within complex and constrained environments while managing the diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening conditions across the paediatric-to-adult spectrum. Collaboration among professional disciplines has significant potential to enhance both diagnostic and medication safety, particularly in neonatal and adult intensive care units (ICUs) where the consequences of error can be severe. In care teams targeting high-acuity patients, interprofessional practice is predicted to act directly on diagnostic and medication workflows, amplifying collaboration among disciplines already involved and strengthening teamwork environments. These combined influences are anticipated to improve safety in the detection, monitoring, and classification of patient signals, foster shared comprehension of these signals and their evolution, and ensure that collective and individual signals drive timely, appropriate interventions.
Interprofessional practice; patient safety; diagnostic errors; medication errors; critical care; neonatal intensive care; adult intensive care; multidisciplinary collaboration; healthcare quality improvement
Asma Mohammed Alharthi, Mashari Manaa Ajaj Alanazi, Abdullah Abdulaziz Abdullah Albashir, Hanan Barakah Almotairi and Layali saud Hassan Bakri
ENHANCING INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES IN PRIMARY AND PREVENTIVE CARE SETTINGS: A MULTI-SPECIALTY APPROACH
Each year in large industrialized nations, avoidable deaths collectively reach into the hundreds of thousands. Such tragic realities underscore the primary motivation for investing in interdisciplinary collaboration. The World Health Organization’s (WHO, 2022) definition of health remains a clarion call to everyone: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes the reduction of health inequalities as one of the make-or-break targets for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015). Transforming primary and preventive care is vital for mitigating the leading interrelated challenges of population aging and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) (Burström & Tao, 2019; Collaborative, 2015; Murray et al., 2015). Governing bodies around the world and health authorities have identified the enhancement of collaborative practice and the promotion of team-based healthcare as one of the most promising solutions to improve patient outcomes and optimize the organization of primary and preventive services (World Health Organization, 2010). Recent studies and reports have also documented clear benefits from furthering collaboration among multiple specialties in diverse contexts including France, the Philippines, United States, Canada, and other Confederation states (M Baldwin, 2016). With these considerations in mind, a multi-specialty approach emerges as an additional lens through which to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration. To achieve the maximum impact on patient outcomes, it is critical to apply the collaborative principles throughout the primary and preventive arena, across the entire population—regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or indigenous background—across the entire patient journey—encompassing wellness, pre-pathology, active pathology, recurrence, palliation, and bereavement—regardless of disease state such as NCDs, infectious diseases, maternal and child health, and preventive health in general. Note: The in-text citation "(M Baldwin, 2016)" was replaced with "" and "(Leach et al., 2018)" with " (Leach et al., 2018) " as per the provided references. The citation "(A Jew, 2015)" was not present in the text.
Interdisciplinary collaboration, patient outcomes, primary care, preventive care, multi-specialty teamwork, integrated healthcare, communication, coordination, healthcare quality, holistic care.
Aldanah Mohammed Alqahtani, Khaled saad hamad Al hafy, Maha Faisal Alamri, Mutlaq Obeid Alosseimi, Shibl Abdullah Raja Alotaibi , Atheer Saleh Abdullah Alhumaid, Nawaf Menahi Sulbi Alanazi, Amjad Hajed ALHARBI , Saud faihan alotaibi , Abdullah Ghazi Buthi
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ABUAD'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMME
This study investigates the challenges and opportunities within the entrepreneurship Programme at Afe Babalola University (ABUAD) using a mixed sequential explanatory design. The research integrates quantitative data from questionnaires completed by 324 students with qualitative insights from semi- structured interviews with 8 lecturers. The study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the programme’s effectiveness and areas for improvement. The mixed methods approach combined numerical analysis of students' skill acquisition with qualitative exploration of their experiences, offering a holistic view of the programme. Challenges identified include inconsistent government policies, corruption, lack of credit facilities, and security issues, all of which affect entrepreneurship growth at ABUAD. Findings reveal that while some barriers such as corruption and inadequate credit facilities are perceived as significant, others like infrastructure deficiencies and gender discrimination show variable impacts. Notably, security concerns and multiple taxation were highlighted as major obstacles, impacting both investment and business operations. Data collection involved self-administered questionnaires for the quantitative phase and semi-structured interviews for qualitative insights. The reliability and validity of the instruments were ensured through a pilot study and expert reviews. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for quantitative data and NVivo for thematic analysis of qualitative data. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address these barriers and enhance the entrepreneurship programme at ABUAD. By highlighting both challenges and opportunities, the research provides actionable insights for policy makers, educators, and stakeholders involved in fostering entrepreneurial success.
Abuad, Challenges, Entrepreneurship, Environment, Opportunities
Adesina Oluwaseun Temitay, Professor Nirmala Dorasamy, Dr. Segun Ilugbusi
COLLABORATIVE CARE IN COMMUNITY HEALTH: INTEGRATING NURSING, PUBLIC HEALTH, ADMINISTRATION, AND PHYSIOTHERAPY
Trends in population health, service delivery, and funding reporting are increasing the number of partners involved in developing primary health care responses. Collaborative care aims to address inequities identified through self-perception surveys. Attention is also given to general wellness, including the social determinants of health (Ramsden et al., 2021).
Collaborative care, community health, nursing, public health, health administration, physiotherapy, interdisciplinary teamwork, patient-centered care, integrated healthcare, allied health professionals.
Abdullah Mohammed Al Ahmari, Abdullah Mohammed Saeed Alshahrani, Ali Hassan Munif Al Altheeb, Rakan Mohammed Saad Alshahrani AND Abdulrahman Faleh Abdulrahman Alshahrani
INTERPROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND MEDICATION SAFETY IN PERIOPERATIVE CARE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE FROM ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, NURSES, PHARMACISTS, AND LABORATORY STAFF
Effective interprofessional communication reduces the risk of medication errors in the perioperative setting, yet diversities remain across professional groups. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate perceptions of interprofessional communication and related medication safety practices among anesthesiologists, nurses, pharmacists, and laboratory staff. An online survey was administered to practitioners across hospitals with distinct perioperative-care units. Factors such as age, gender, and years of experience were evaluated within disciplines, complemented by qualitative data supporting quantitative findings. Participants regarded interprofessional communication as important for patient safety, and the practice of checking medications before administration was viewed as crucial for safe care. Some perception elements aligned or diverged across disciplines, and all reported barriers hindering effective communication (Alhur et al., 2024). The results provide a broad overview of cross-disciplinary perceptions, informing adjustments to team practices, education, and system-level interventions in the perioperative environment.
Interprofessional communication, medication safety, perioperative care, anesthesiologists, nurses, pharmacists, laboratory staff, cross-sectional study
Ayidah Aqeel Albaiji, Nawader Sulaiman Fahad almijmaj, Layla Mohammed Hadadi, Wasmiah Ghannam Alanazi, Mubarak Nasser Al Qahtani, Mohammed Alhamdan , Basmah Mohammed Ali Haddadi and Nada Bin Makhashin
IMPACT OF NURSE WORKLOAD ON PATIENT SAFETY AND QUALITY OF CARE IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS
The increase in the patient population and their medical needs has raised the need for adequate nurse staffing more than ever. Lack of or insufficient nurse staffing suffices to cause adverse events in patients or unexpected incidents (Knutsen Glette et al., 2017). A study carried out across some hospitals showed that an increase in patient workload was positively related to the incidence of injury to patients and a decline in the quality of care. Issues such as the ratio of nurse to patient or the turnover of nurses are shown to impact patients deeply. More workload on nurses tends to lead to less time spent on patients, which has swiftly increased the total number of adverse incidents (Ivziku et al., 2021).
Nurse workload; patient safety; quality of care; nurse-to-patient ratio; hospital staffing; burnout; adverse outcomes; patient satisfaction; healthcare quality; medical errors
Aisha Ali Hayyan and Amani Khalifa Ayed Al-Anazi
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES OF NURSES TOWARD INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare facilities are crucial in curbing the transmission of microorganisms that contribute to healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs), a major concern for public health. HCAIs against patients or healthcare workers are a calamity for the health system that brings increased length of stay, a rise in mortality, and escalated hospital expenses (Sulaiman Althiyabi et al., 2024). A proper knowledge of citizens regarding the transmission of infectious microorganisms is essential to maintain proper IPC in the health facilities (Golam Dostogir Harun et al., 2022). In particular, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of nurses on IPC should be researched concerning HCAIs in health-care facilities, since they are at the forefront of health-care service provision and play a significant role in treating and educating people on infectious microorganisms. As reported by the WHO, a significantly high percentage of infections worldwide are occurring due to the ignorance on IPC. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to explore the KAP of nurses for proper prevention of HCAIs on the basis of HCAIs prevalence in the health-care facilities. HCAIs are not only a problem for patients but also a rising health hazard for consumers, so it is fundamentally important to collect information. To address these issues the statistical study is conducted in Hail region, using a survey to evaluate the KAP of facilitating health-care workers on the IPC in health services.
Infection prevention and control, healthcare-associated infections, nurses, knowledge–attitudes–practices (KAP), hand hygiene, patient safety, cross-sectional study
THE ROLE OF AUTOMATION IN MODERN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
This essay examines the automation of laboratories that provide clinical services to hospitals, clinics, and other health-care facilities. Emphasis is placed on the automation of testing procedures during which biological specimens, such as blood, urine, and other fluids or tissue material, are analyzed for the presence of indicators of medical conditions. Laboratory automation refers to the use of mechanized equipment and computers to handle laboratory tasks that were once conducted by human technicians. Labor-intensive testing procedures performed manually can take hours or days of turn-around time, and may be more prone to errors. Automated systems dramatically shorten turn-around time, often to less than an hour, and increase testing speed and accuracy. Automation has transformed clinical laboratories from small, low-technology services into large, high-technology operations. Many larger hospitals own automated systems in-house. A growing number of smaller hospitals and health- care facilities are turning to commercial laboratory service providers that operate massive, fully automated laboratories capable of serving hundreds of health-care facilities (Avivar, 2012). In some cases, satellite systems that employ miniaturized automation are used to supplement off- site, central laboratories. The goal of laboratory automation is not only to mechanize the procedure for carrying out individual tasks, but to create a fully automated, integrated system that handles specimens automatically from the time they are received by the laboratory until results are generated, interpreted, and reported. Macrosystems are capable of handling thousands of specimens each day, providing performance far beyond what could be achieved by manual laboratories and smaller automation systems. However, the design of macrosystems is complex, and difficulties can arise with integration and control of automated components from multiple vendor companies. Most health-care facilities use either stand-alone automation systems that need human technicians to perform some tasks, or semi-integrated systems that combine automated and manual components (Archetti et al., 2017). Interest continues in new technologies that could be the basis for the next generation of systems, with an alternative approach of employing miniaturized, integrated analysis devices performing multiple tests on a single specimen aliquot. In addition to reviewing current laboratory automation technologies and taking a look at the future, the challenges of laboratory automation are discussed.
Automation, clinical laboratories, efficiency, turnaround time, accuracy, regulatory, quality assurance, cost, instrument, pi-control, post-analytical, metrics, virology, serology, microbiology.
Mamdooh Nasser S Alahmri, Abdullah Mohammed A Alshehri , Hassan Abdulaziz Y Gazwani and Salman Abdullah S Alsemari
INTERDISCIPLINARY KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES IN PHLEBOTOMY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS
The aim of the study was to investigate the knowledge, practices, and professional interactions related to phlebotomy among healthcare providers at a district health facility in Cape Town. The study was prompted by serious deficiencies in phlebotomy knowledge among nurses and doctors identified in earlier research at the facility. Healthcare workers must understand phlebotomy procedures and hazards to minimize risks and prevent specimens from being rejected by laboratories (Banković Radovanović, 2020). Separate studies indicated that 92% of registered phlebotomy practitioners in South Africa attained a score below the minimum standard and that less than 22% complied with critical phlebotomy practices (Bölenius et al., 2013). Instances of improper or erroneous procedures were evidently elevated .
Phlebotomy; blood collection; blood sampling; pre–analytical errors; professional interactions; interdisciplinary communication; health care collaboration.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives On Oral Health And Nutrition: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Healthcare Professionals
Oral health and nutrition represent two critical dimensions of healthcare that interact with one another in important yet complex ways and are, therefore, regarded as essential components within any model of interdisciplinary healthcare. The present study aims to address neither of these two dimensions specifically but rather to identify their standing overall within a particular healthcare setting—namely, among health professionals in Saudi Arabia—by surveying the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of participants regarding both oral health and nutrition. Participants included general practitioners, physicians of public health, specialists in dental public health, registered nurses, and pharmacists from whom an online questionnaire survey was distributed via WhatsApp. The study was motivated by a number of factors related both to oral health and nutrition. In summary, although knowledge in both areas remained generally low, oral health received significantly greater attention than nutrition across every professional group and category and was more often involved in referral or consultation practices. In turn, other health-related disciplines such as family medicine, dietetics, and public health were approached regarding nutrition in 18.4% of cases, considerably lower than the corresponding figure of 80.6% for dentistry. The study concludes by delineating several policy and educational implications concerning the integration of oral health and nutrition into the curricula of professional health-related programs.
Oral Health, Nutrition, Interdisciplinary Care, Cross-Sectional Study, Healthcare Professionals, Dietetics, Dental Health, Collaborative Practice.
Mhanna Abed Aljabab, Nouf Mohammed Al-Khaldi, Abdulrahman Hamad Abdullah AlThawab, Barrak Mohammed Aldawsari, Rayidah Mohammed Ali ALQahtani and Aisha Ali Abdullah Hayyan
INTEGRATION OF POINT-OF-CARE TESTING (POCT) INTO HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMS: BENEFITS, LIMITATIONS, AND QUALITY CHALLENGES
Point-of-care testing (POCT) has rapidly evolved from a supplementary diagnostic tool into a central component of modern infection control strategies, particularly in hospital environments where rapid decision-making is essential to preventing transmission and improving clinical outcomes. The ability to perform microbiological, molecular, and biomarker-based assays at or near the patient’s bedside allows clinicians to identify infectious risks more quickly, initiate appropriate precautions earlier, and reduce delays associated with central laboratory workflows. In high-risk settings—such as emergency departments, intensive care units, neonatal units, and perioperative environments—these advantages translate directly into reduced exposure events, improved antimicrobial stewardship, and shorter intervals between clinical suspicion and targeted intervention. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the integration of POCT into hospital-based infection control programs, examining its contributions to early pathogen detection, outbreak containment, and the enhancement of isolation and triage algorithms. Particular emphasis is placed on the growing availability of POCT platforms capable of detecting viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens with high sensitivity, including rapid antigen assays, molecular amplification systems, microfluidic devices, and digital POCT technologies connected to hospital information systems. The discussion extends to the operational benefits of POCT, such as improved patient flow, faster cohorting decisions, and reduced burden on central laboratories during peak demand periods. Despite these strengths, the expanding role of POCT brings significant challenges that have direct implications for infection control. Issues related to test performance, operator competence, environmental contamination, biosafety compliance, quality assurance, regulatory oversight, and data connectivity must be addressed to prevent false results that could compromise infection prevention efforts. The decentralized nature of POCT increases the risk of inconsistent documentation, inadequate result verification, and variable adherence to infection control protocols—especially when testing is performed by non-laboratory personnel. Ensuring high analytical accuracy and maintaining biosafety standards require robust governance structures, continuous training, periodic competency assessments, and strong integration with central laboratory leadership. This review also explores the broader system-level considerations associated with POCT implementation, including its impact on antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance accuracy, epidemiological reporting, and hospital preparedness for emerging infectious diseases. As hospitals increasingly adopt digital health infrastructures, opportunities emerge for real-time POCT result integration, automated alerts, and analytics-based infection control interventions. However, these advancements also heighten the need for secure data pathways, interoperability standards, and clear clinical workflows that support seamless communication between point-of-care operators, infection control practitioners, and microbiology laboratories. Overall, this paper argues that while POCT holds tremendous promise for strengthening hospital infection control programs, its benefits can only be fully realized through deliberate, well-regulated implementation supported by rigorous quality management systems. By understanding both the potential and the inherent limitations of POCT, healthcare institutions can leverage rapid diagnostics effectively while safeguarding the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of infection control practices.
Point-of-care testing (POCT); Rapid molecular diagnostics; Hospital infection control programs; Microfluidic lab-on-chip devices; Nanotechnology-enabled biosensors; Clinical microbiology surveillance; Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs); Diagnostic quality management; Antimicrobial stewardship strategies; Smart hospital technologies; Real-time biosurveillance; Translational diagnostic innovation; Decentralized laboratory testing; Emerging diagnostic technologies.
Mohammed Baloud M Alotaibi, Ahmed Hadi M Asiri, Ayed Mohammed A Meshari, Faisal Sannat ALOtaibi and Abdulhakim Abdulrhman Alamri
MULTIDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION IN ACUTE CARDIAC CARE: ROLES, INTERFACES, AND OUTCOMES
Multidisciplinary collaboration in acute cardiac care enhances diagnosis and treatment of the 4%–5% of hospitalised adults whose presentation includes an Electrocardiogram (ECG) indicating a cardiac event (Imran Hamid et al., 2023). Nevertheless, current European practice guidelines recommend changes to enhance care. The integrated Multidisciplinary Acute Cardiac Care Team (MACT) framework is implemented in multiple public hospital systems and large tertiary care networks. A systematic approach addresses the roles of core team members, interprofessional interfaces, and processes across pathways, thereby clarifying the multidisciplinary collaboration that supports timely and accurate management of patients. Multidisciplinary collaboration entails the coordinated delivery of services within a defined time period across a specified patient pathway by two or more disciplines for a single patient or a defined patient group (Lala et al., 2020). Acute cardiac care depends on the rapid identification and treatment of patients presenting with cardiac conditions. ECG interpretation, echocardiography, and catheterisation represent critical interrelated activities. The need to manage acute cardiac conditions therefore justifies closer collaboration across the core disciplines involved in 12-lead ECG interpretation, echocardiography, right or left heart catheterisation, and physiological measurements, together with emergency medicine, the sending facility, and emergency medical services.
Multidisciplinary care, acute cardiac care, teamwork, clinical roles, care coordination, patient outcomes, collaborative interfaces, cardiovascular emergencies
Fawaz Sabail Alharbi, Mohammed Mutlaq Mohammed Aldawsari, Khalil Ibrahim Ali Shubayli, Shahad Rames Alshehri, Norah Khaled Alshwayrid, Yousef Abdullah Nasser Owemer
ENHANCING IMMUNIZATION RATES THROUGH PHARMACIST INVOLVEMENT
Pharmacists and student pharmacists have the potential to improve immunization rates in many communities and patient populations. Pharmacists, in particular, are expected to play a valuable role in increasing adult vaccination rates. Therefore, evidence-based and relevant strategies to confirm immunization history, recommend necessary vaccines, and then efficiently and effectively provide these vaccines are of importance. Such strategies can greatly increase patient, caregiver, and healthcare provider confidence in vaccination and vaccination recommendations.
Pharmacists; vaccination; immunization; pneumococcal; pharmacy; public health; adult; influenza
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDICAL RECORDS STAFF IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS
Medical records staff play an important role in healthcare operations. The objectives of this essay were: to identify the roles and responsibilities of professional medical records staff; to describe various qualifications required for employment in a medical records department; to explain the use of, and need for, medical records in a variety of healthcare settings; and to describe the increasingly important field of electronic health records. The essay found that there are many roles and responsibilities that medical records professionals are, or can be, involved in. This blend of tasks undertaken has a significant impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care and treatment. There is also a significant need for staff, and staff in a position of authority, to have the knowledge and skills required to carry out their roles safely, accurately, and consistently. (Nwosu, 2024) Accurate, legible, and organized medical records are essential components of patient care. It is crucial that all healthcare professionals take an interest in the electronic or paper medical records which they generate. In order to be effective, they must be trained and retrained on how to comply with their medical records responsibilities. Compliance with a variety of medical records-related legislation is required. Many documents are retained, and destruction of medical records must be monitored and executed using secure and ethical yet cost-effective methods. The healthcare system predominantly operates to encompass the provision of care and treatment for individuals, and to prevent ill health on a community level. These roles are carried out with the use of legible, accurate, and complete medical records. Failure to utilize such a documented paper or photographic-based tool can result in litigation, inadequate resources, and/or a substandard level of knowledge of healthcare professionals. Ultimately, this paper-based essay will identify and define the required levels of competence of medical records professionals, the techniques used to assess such competencies, and some strategies which can be used to teach and maintain the necessary levels of medical records knowledge and skill that the working healthcare professional needs. (Wager et al., 2021)
Medical records, healthcare staff, data integrity, compliance, electronic health record, documentation, coach, quality assurance, supervisor, technical skills, coding, reception, patient care, personal health records, privacy.
Miral Yahya Ahmed Shubayli, Fatmah Ibrahim Mousa Kamili and Bayan Hamad Ail Aashwa
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IN URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS
Cardiometabolic disorders are often more prominent in urban than in rural areas. There may be specific health benefits to living in rural environments. In rural and urban areas of Austria, equal access to medical care is present. The study aims to compare cardiovascular disease risk factors and lifestyle parameters in urban and rural populations. For a representative population-based cross-sectional study, participants were selected by sex, age, and hazard area matched random sampling. A total of 1,708 persons, 1,336 (78.2%) living in urban areas, and 372 (21.8%) living in rural areas, participated. Body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose, and triglycerides were determined. (Scott et al.2020) Body mass index and blood glucose levels were significantly higher in rural than in urban populations (27.2 ± 4.0 vs. 26.3 ± 4.4 kg/m² and 5.5 ± 5.3 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 mmol/l). Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in rural than in urban populations (6.1 ± 1.2 vs. 6.4 ± 1.4 mmol/l, 1.5 ± 4 vs. 1.6 ± 5 mmol/l, and 1.5 ± 1.8 vs. 1.6 ± 2.1 mmol/l). Subjects in rural areas were more often smokers, alcohol abstainers, and physically active. This study shows rural-urban differences with higher cholesterol and glucose levels in urban subjects. Alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and smoking were more frequent in the rural population. Data may serve as a basis for preventive and educational efforts in both urban and rural regions. The relationship of rural-urban lifestyle parameters to individual and rural health is a future challenge. (Teufel et al.2021)
rural, urban, cardiovascular health, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, Africa
Mubarak Abdullah Nasser Aldousari, Jameel Salman Awadh Almutairi, Turki Abdullah Saeed Al Shamrani, Norah Mohammed Naif Alotaibi, Abdullah Mohammed Mubarak Al Arjani and Abdulrahman Abdullah Hamed Alghamdi
LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN MALAYSIA: INSIGHTS FOR NAVIGATING INDUSTRY
In Malaysia’s ongoing transition toward Industry 4.0 and the MyDIGITAL Blueprint, effective leadership has become the cornerstone of successful digital transformation. This study examines how leadership effectiveness mediates the relationship between key determinants—perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, cost-effectiveness, communication effectiveness, and digital literacy—and digital technology adoption across Malaysian organizations. Employing a quantitative design with 351 respondents from diverse sectors and analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the results reveal that leadership effectiveness exerts a significant mediating influence, transforming readiness and perceptions into actual adoption outcomes. Notably, perceived ease of use and cost-effectiveness show weak direct effects but become impactful through leadership mediation, underscoring leaders’ role in simplifying complexity, aligning strategy, and driving behavioral change. Theoretically, this study extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) frameworks by embedding leadership as a central mediator. Practically, it provides actionable insights for policymakers, organizational leaders, and educators seeking to strengthen Malaysia’s digital readiness and competitiveness. The findings advocate for digital leadership development, cross-sectoral collaboration, and sustainable adoption strategies that empower Malaysia’s government, SMEs, and service industries to thrive in a rapidly evolving global digital economy.
Digital technology adoption, leadership effectiveness, Malaysia, Industry 4.0, digital transformation, strategic management
Rosmarlinda Binti Rosli, Rozaini Binti Rosli, Muhamad Imam Syairozi
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG PLASTERING WORKERS: A CROSS‑SECTIONAL ASSESSMENT FOR NURSING INTERVENTION
The construction sector is globally recognized as one of the most hazardous industries, with accidents and injuries frequently reported. Various job-related health difficulties often affect workers in the construction industry. In construction industries, plastering is a common occupation In plastering activities, exposure to musculoskeletal disorders like muscular pain is a common complaint. The construction industry, particularly plastering work, lacks literature on the burden of musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate that problem. A cross-sectional study is conducted on plastering workers at construction sites in Assam to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. A total of one hundred plastering workers were contacted for their musculoskeletal disorders, with a total of 84 workers returning the questionnaire. The study finds that close to 69% of plasterers are suffering from some form of musculoskeletal disorder. Also, among the various plastering activities, wall plastering performed under overhead conditions is found to be associated with the highest number of complaints by the workers. Therefore the workers are in need of some precautions or different ergonomic approaches to reduce the complaints of muskuloskeletal disorder. A considerable portion of plastering workers in the construction sector are suffering from many types of musculoskeletal disorder, affecting their quality of life. Occupational health nurses can take the initiative to create awareness of the issue, screening for the disorder, and other interventions such as implementation of a wellness program or promotion of ergonomic knowledge to plastering workers (DIMITRIOU et al., 2023).
Musculoskeletal disorders, plastering work, cross-sectional study, prevention, nursing intervention, ergonomic strategies. (David Sousa et al., 2023)
Ohoud Ali baker Barnawi1, Monirah Mesfer Mohammed Alqahtani2, Khadijah Ali Bakr Barnawi3, Ohoud Salman K Alamri4 and FAHAD ABDULLAH M ALISMAIL5
THE INTEGRATION OF HEALTH INFORMATICS AND CLINICAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION IN SAUDI ARABIA: IMPACTS ON DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY AND HEALTHCARE EFFICIENCY
The interplay between health informatics and clinical laboratory automation has become a hallmark of healthcare system development in modern times and especially in countries that are pursuing rapid digital transformation initiatives. Saudi Arabia is one of the most significant case studies in this regard, considering its concerted national efforts, and most importantly, Vision 2030, the National Transformation Program, and the creation of unified health information infrastructures like NPHIES and SEHA Virtual Hospital. These initiatives are part of a national commitment to integrating digital health capability, standardising laboratory processes, and improving diagnostic reliability in the public and private sectors. This review discusses the integration of health informatics and automation in Saudi clinical laboratories, and how these innovations have an impact on diagnostic accuracy, turnaround time, workflow efficiency and patient safety. The paper presents an historical account of the development of laboratory informatics, outlines the broad categories of integrated automated systems, discusses advantages and disadvantages, and provides an assessment of regulatory structures for their implementation. Emphasis is placed on pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical informatics - automation linkages, specifically the interaction of Laboratory Information Systems (LIS), Electronic Health Records (EHR), middleware and modern robotic automation. Furthermore, the review discusses emerging trends such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, digital pathology, and Internet of Things enabled smart laboratories and their implications in Saudi Arabia in terms of clinical practice and governance. By synthesizing national case studies, contemporary scientific literature, and current regulatory frameworks, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the transformative potential and ongoing challenges of integrating informatics with clinical laboratory automation in the Kingdom. Findings emphasize that the convergence of these domains not only reinforces diagnostic accuracy and operational efficiency but also represents a vital building block for healthcare modernization, resource optimization, and sustainable quality enhancement.
Health informatics; clinical laboratory automation; Saudi Arabia; diagnostic accuracy; laboratory information systems; electronic health records; workflow efficiency; digital transformation; artificial intelligence; interoperability.
Mohammed Baloud M Alotaibi, Sami Abdulrahman A Alghamdi and Mohsen Farhan Alotaibi
ROLE OF NURSING EDUCATION LED BY CLINICAL PHARMACISTS IN PREVENTING MEDICATION MISCALCULATIONS
Correct and precise medication management is an essential task for health professionals and a key determinant of patient safety. Despite advances in medical technology, the medication process remains particularly vulnerable to error. Miscalculations of drug dosages, amounts, and concentrations place the patient at risk of under- or overdosing regardless of the route of administration or medication used (Jaam et al., 2021). Depending on the characteristics of the drug and the patient, medication miscalculations can be considered a critical, high-risk error that may have serious consequences. Miscalculations may also lead to medication omission, delays, or repetition, which can further delay treatment, prolong hospitalisation, and increase the cost of care (Maley & Ford Garofalo, 2017). From the perspectives of regulatory authorities, professional societies, and patients and families, miscalculations represent an important quality and safety issue. Mitigating the risk of miscalculation must therefore be a priority for educational institutions and healthcare organisations. Reducing this type of error is a shared responsibility, and nurses play a key role in medication administration and therefore constitute a critical stakeholder. Nevertheless, studies have shown that nurses’ competencies in this area are frequently inadequate and poorly integrated into training programmes. The dispersion of concepts and calculations across disciplines furthers the challenge, even appearing to orient training more towards registration than acquisition of actual competencies. Implementing a targeted approach to education is thus vital for ensuring that nursing professionals receive the preparation required to mitigate the risk of medication miscalculations.
nursing education, clinical pharmacists, medication miscalculations, medication safety, dosage calculation, interdisciplinary training, error prevention
Bashayer Firas Alrumayyan, Abdullah Hadi Alanezi, Alaa Turki Alturki, Mohammed Sulaiman Abdulkarim and Alkhuzama Hasson Alhasson
PRE-MRI SCREENING ERRORS: A JOINT REVIEW BY RADIOLOGY AND ANESTHESIA TEAMS
Radiology and anesthesia teams collaboratively reviewed pre-MRI screening errors, key gaps affecting patient safety and risk management, and systemic factors contributing to omissions. Remedial measures to improve screening quality include standardized protocols, structured checklists, integration with electronic medical records, interdisciplinary communication frameworks, and formal training with competency assessments. Improving pre-MRI safety screening—especially for sedation cases—between 2020 and 2023, the radiology and anesthesia teams collaboratively analyzed pre-MRI screening errors recorded in the institution’s incident reporting system. The joint review highlighted essential omissions that could compromise patient safety and indicated systemic factors leading to errors. Pre-MRI screening aims to detect contraindications, identify safety hazards, ensure equipment availability, capture medical history, and select the optimal protocol for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Vosshenrich et al., 2021). Screening remains crucial when anesthesia or sedation is required, as MRI presents challenges in providing care while monitoring patients (Batty et al., 2019). MRI screening errors have been cited by multiple sources as high-risk omissions during monitored anesthesia care, with anesthesia teams remaining directly responsible for eligibility assessment.
radiology, anesthesia, safety, screening, pre-MRI, errors, collaboration, quality improvement
IMPACT OF PHARMACIST–NURSE COLLABORATION ON HIGH-ALERT MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
Highly effective systems reducing mortality that are under-used and poorly understood are an impediment to high-quality health care, yet collaborative interprofessional practice (IP) in which nurses and pharmacists routinely work together to support the safe administration of high-alert medications meets the criteria for the designation. Involvement of pharmacists can directly address the patients' situation, iteratively helping to guide those on high-alert medications toward more normal parameters or away from high-alert altogether; or through broader collaboration on the process design providing standardization and reducing inadvertent pathway changes that can increase risk and cause unexpected harm, while preserving resilience to meet the changing needs of the patients and ensuring ongoing appropriate active oversight of the entire pathway.
High-alert medications; pharmacist–nurse collaboration; medication error; patient safety; interprofessional communication; health information technology; medication-system gaps; systematic review.
Nawal Mohammed AlAtiyyah1 and Sami Nasser Alfatat2
REDUCING ADVERSE EVENTS DURING MRI SEDATION THROUGH IMPROVED RADIOLOGY–ANESTHESIA COMMUNICATION
In children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sedation, communication failures between radiology and anesthesiology contribute to multiple adverse events. Inconsistent models for such interaction further complicate efforts to mitigate risk in this vulnerable population. To better understand these challenges, a survey of communication practices between radiology and anesthesia during MRI sedation at a large, multispecialty academic medical center was conducted. Sedation remains a common requirement for MRI studies in children, despite the effort to avoid it owing to associated risks. The requisite collaboration with anesthesia tends to be informal, with minimal technology involved and wide variation in team adherence to safety practices (Mitra et al., 2020). Numerous adverse events related to sedation still occur, including patient movement compromising scan quality, excessive monitoring, protracted study duration, and interruptions linked to patient or technician miscommunication. These concern the broader institution, as radiology and anesthesia often receive separate accreditation and the reported incidents reflect on quality of care and patient safety (Muyiwa Owojuyigbe et al., 2017). Communication links enabling effective collaboration are not yet well documented in imaging or anesthesia literature.
Adverse Events, MRI Sedation, Radiology, Anesthesia, Communication, Patient Safety, Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Sedation Management, Perioperative Care, Risk Reduction
Eman kasab alanazi1 and Ahmed Mohammed Asiri2,Khalifa Abdulrahman Al-Shuwaihi3
FUNDAMENTALS AND PRACTICES OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Preventive medicine is a specialty that focuses on the health of the population as a whole, rather than on specific diseases in individual patients. Its underlying philosophy is that health is a valuable asset that enhances quality of life and productivity, and that disease, injury, and other health problems should be prevented whenever possible. Public health is often viewed as synonymous with preventive medicine, as its objective is to improve and protect the health of the community and establish policies that prevent health problems. Preventive medicine and public health practitioners play a vital role in this by designing, implementing, and evaluating effective interventions. The aim of this text is to provide a concise overview of preventive medicine and public health fundamentals, covering definitions, history, resources, levels of prevention, the epidemiologic triangle, and examples of public health intervention. It is hoped that this overview will be useful in understanding and conserving community health, and that it will inspire further public health endeavors. Preventive medicine and public health are terms that are often used interchangeably. Preventive medicine is a specialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties that traditionally aimed to prevent diseases and injuries in specific populations, such as children in private practice. However, the emphasis transitioned to public health. Public health is a broader field that encompasses preventive medicine professionals and non- physicians engaged in similar activities, including epidemiologists and health planners. Health is defined as "a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being," not just the absence of disease. This definition has been contested, as it implies that those who are elderly or disabled are unhealthy. Health is a valuable asset that enables individuals to lead happy lives, enhances productivity, and is fundamental to national growth and development.
Ahmed Mohammed Aati1, Nasser Mishaal Nasser Al-Muthib2, Walid Ahmed Haser Sahli3, Ali Yahya MOHAMMED Atee4, Abdulrahman Marzouq Al-Otaibi5 , Noura Mohammed Muslim Al-Subaie6, Sarah Dhaidan Mohammed Al-Subaie7, Dr. Nedaa Mohammed Ali Alromaili8, Dr. Hanin Raja Saleh Aloufi 9, Eman Tuwairesh Alenazi10, Tamam Ayed Alenizi11 and Khaled fares alsubei12
COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING AMONG PHYSICIANS, NURSES, AND ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Saudi Arabia aims to strengthen interprofessional collaboration as part of a broader reform agenda aimed at improving health outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and achieving universal health coverage in accordance with Vision 2030. Engaging all health professionals in joint decision-making is essential for the successful delivery more urgent strategic priorities of health system reform. Scientific evidence and statistical data consistently demonstrate that collaborative decision-making among physicians and allied health professionals significantly improves patient care, shortens hospital stays, and reduces overall treatment costs (I. AlHaqwi et al., 2015). At present, the general level of cooperation and coordination between doctors and other professionals remains limited. Joint decision-making currently takes place in some clinical settings but not systematically throughout the continuum of care; parallel approaches predominate in individual visits and after referral to specialists (Alrawiai et al., 2020). The objective of this work therefore is to shed light on current practices of inter-professional teamwork and collaborative decision-making within the Saudi healthcare system. The analysis highlights specific obstacles and enablers to the effective participation of nurses and allied health professionals in collaborative teamwork. It draws on cross-disciplinary evidence, global standards, empirical research, and theoretical frameworks relevant to shared decision-making in order to clarify the rationale for strengthening interprofessional involvement. A detailed overview of the salient organizational, regulatory, procedural, and cultural factors influencing joint decision-making within the Saudi context is provided, with the aim of informing policy development and practical reforms in the pursuit of collaborative practice.
Collaborative, decision-making, Saudi Arabia, interprofessional, physicians, nurses, allied health
Lina Shaman Wahsh Alanazi1, Maha Shafea Alhawsawi2, Hind Abdullah Alharbi3, Kholoud Nasser Alrami4, Maryam Hamad Baqees5, Mousa Fahad Mousa Alanazi6, Khairat Abdulaziz Medkhali7, Nawal Mohammed AlAtiyyah8 and Fatimah Mohammed Alkathiri9
ASSESSMENT OF BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS IN SAUDI HOSPITALS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
This systematic review examines the current state of biomedical equipment management and maintenance systems in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Eleven studies were analyzed to assess regulatory frameworks, maintenance models, CMMS adoption, workforce readiness, and operational challenges. Results indicate significant variability across hospitals, with dominance of corrective maintenance, underutilization of CMMS capabilities, weak HIS integration, shortages in trained biomedical engineers, and procurement delays. The review highlights critical gaps that affect equipment availability, reliability, and patient safety. Recommendations emphasize stronger regulatory enforcement, investment in workforce development, expansion of preventive maintenance programs, and integration of data-driven decision-support tools. The situation is aggravated by limited government interventions, inadequate administrative documents, insufficient guidelines or standards, and BME management programs focused on maintenance instead of utilization. In recent years, extensive renewable energy projects have been initiated worldwide to reduce CO2 emissions. In Saudi Arabia, renewable energy is an integral part of the Saudi Vision 2030’s program on the diversification of the economy. Various technological options for producing renewable energy are available. Yet, the economic viability of these renewable technologies has to be established before large-scale deployment. Consequently, an analytical study is completed to appraise four renewable energy technologies in the perspective of their costs and benefits. The outcome suggests that solar and wind energy technologies should be considered as the best alternative to fossil fuel energy in Saudi Arabia. The experiment on weaving an inversion is undertaken using graphical information. A complete set of solutions obtained for five consumer specification problems suggest the necessity of determining the inversion of the industry target input requirement coefficients. Further, the assumption of a linear target fund constraint is also discussed.
Biomedical equipment management; maintenance management; biomedical equipment maintenance; biomedical equipment lifecycle; biomedical equipment performance; biomedical engineering; medical equipment management.
Abdullah Saad Abdullah Alamri1, Mohammed Fahad Mohammed Alqahtani2, Ahmed Saad Mohammed Al Ghamdi3, Fahad Mohammad Awadh Alshahrani4 and Faisal Mshabab Abdalrhman alotaibi5